A History of Technology

வரலாறு (முன்பார்த்த

வரலாற்றுப் பட்டியல்

வரலாற்று அமைப்புகள்

உள்பொருள் சீவிய வரலாறு

உருபொருள் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு

வரலாறு வலை

f; -, -n

1. (Erzählung) story ( über + Akk oder von about, of); (Märchen etc.) auch tale; erzähl mir keine Geschichten! umg. don’t give me any of your nonsense

2. HIST., Buch und Wissenschaft: history; weitS. einer Person oder Sache: auch story; eine Geschichte der Technik lesen a history of technology; Geschichte machen make history; in die Geschichte eingehen go down in history; damit hat er Geschichte geschrieben in so doing ( oder with that) he made history; das ist ( bereits) Geschichte oder das gehört der Geschichte an that’s history; Geschichte studieren study history; sie hat Geschichte studiert she studied ( oder took, Brit. auch read) history

3. umg., fig. (Angelegenheit, Sache) affair, business; eine dumme Geschichte (such) a stupid business; eine schöne Geschichte! a fine mess; die ganze Geschichte the whole business; eine Geschichte mit jemandem ( haben ) (Affäre) (have) an affair with s.o.; da haben wir die Geschichte! there you are; keine langen Geschichten! don’t make a song and dance about it; mach keine Geschichten! (zier dich nicht) don’t make such a fuss; (lass das) don’t be a fool; was machst du denn für Geschichten? tadelnd: what are you playing at?, Am. auch what are you up to?; zu Krankem: what are you making such a fuss about?; das ist eine böse Geschichte mit seinem Knie that’s a nasty business he’s got with his knee; alte Geschichten aufwärmen pej. rake over the ashes ( oder coals); immer die alte oder dieselbe Geschichte! it’s the same old story every time

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(Erzählung) tale; narrative; story;

(Vergangenheit) history

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f -, -n

1) no pl (= Historie) history

2) (= Erzählung, Lügengeschichte) story; (= Märchen, Fabel etc) tale, story; (= Kurzgeschichte) short story

3) (inf = Angelegenheit, Sache) affair, business no pl

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1) (the study of events etc that happened in the past: She is studying British history; ( also adjective) a history lesson/book.) history

2) (a description usually in writing of past events, ways of life etc: I'm writing a history of Scotland.) history

3) (an account of an event, or series of events, real or imaginary: the story of the disaster; the story of his life; He went to the police with his story; What sort of stories do boys aged 10 like?; adventure/murder/love stories; a story-book; He's a good story-teller.) story

4) (a story: He told me the tale of his travels.) tale

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1. kein pl (Historie) history

in die \Geschichte eingehen to go down in [the annals of] history

Alte/Mittlere/Neue \Geschichte ancient/medieval/modern history

\Geschichte machen to make history

2. (Erzählung) story

eine wahre \Geschichte a true story

eine \Geschichte erzählen to tell a story

\Geschichten erzählen (fam) to talk nonsense [or rubbish]

mach keine \Geschichten! don't do anything stupid [or silly]!

mach keine langen \Geschichten! stop messing [or dithering] about [or around]!

3. (fam: Angelegenheit, Sache) business

alte \Geschichten sein to be old hat [or water under the bridge]

alte \Geschichten wieder aufwärmen to rake up old stories

die ganze \Geschichte the whole lot

schöne \Geschichten! (iron) that's a fine state of affairs! iron

\Geschichten mit jdm haben to have an affair with sb

▶ [und] der Rest ist \Geschichte (fam) [and] the rest is history

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1) o. Pl. history

2) (Erzählung) story; (Fabel, Märchen) story; tale

3) (ugs.): (Sache)

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Geschichte f; -, -n

1. (Erzählung) story (

über +akk oder

von about, of); (Märchen etc) auch tale;

erzähl mir keine Geschichten! umg don’t give me any of your nonsense

2. HIST, Buch und Wissenschaft: history; weitS. einer Person oder Sache: auch story;

eine Geschichte der Technik lesen a history of technology;

Geschichte machen make history;

in die Geschichte eingehen go down in history;

damit hat er Geschichte geschrieben in so doing ( oder with that) he made history;

das ist (bereits) Geschichte oder

das gehört der Geschichte an that’s history;

Geschichte studieren study history;

sie hat Geschichte studiert she studied ( oder took, Br auch read) history

3. umg, fig (Angelegenheit, Sache) affair, business;

eine dumme Geschichte (such) a stupid business;

eine schöne Geschichte! a fine mess;

die ganze Geschichte the whole business;

eine Geschichte mit jemandem (haben) (Affäre) (have) an affair with sb;

da haben wir die Geschichte! there you are;

keine langen Geschichten! don’t make a song and dance about it;

mach keine Geschichten! (zier dich nicht) don’t make such a fuss; (lass das) don’t be a fool;

was machst du denn für Geschichten? tadelnd: what are you playing at?, US auch what are you up to?; zu Krankem: what are you making such a fuss about?;

das ist eine böse Geschichte mit seinem Knie that’s a nasty business he’s got with his knee;

alte Geschichten aufwärmen pej rake over the ashes ( oder coals);

immer die alte oder

dieselbe Geschichte! it’s the same old story every time

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1) o. Pl. history

2) (Erzählung) story; (Fabel, Märchen) story; tale

3) (ugs.): (Sache)

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concern n.

history n.

narrative n.

story n.

tale n.

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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John Ridley was a preacher in his youth, and then became a mill owner before migrating to Australia with his wife and daughters in 1839. Intending to continue his business in the new colony, he took with him a "Grasshopper" overbeam steam-engine made by James Watt, together with milling equipment. Cereal acreages were insufficient for the steam power he had available, and he expanded into saw milling as well as farming 300 acres. Aware of the Adelaide trials of reaping machines, he eventually built a prototype using the same principles as those developed by Wrathall Bull. After a successful trial in 1843 Ridley began the patent procedure in England, although he never completed the project. The agricultural press was highly enthusiastic about his machine, but when trials took place in 1855 the award went to a rival. The development of the stripper enabled a spectacular increase in the cereal acreage planted over the next decade. Ridley left Australia in 1853 and returned to England. He built a number of machines to his design in Leeds; however, these failed to perform in the much damper English climate. All of the machines were exported to South America, anticipating a substantial market to be exploited by Australian manufacturers.

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SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

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In 1869 Stumpf was commissioned by the Pope Manufacturing Company of Hertford, Connecticut, to set up two triple-expansion, vertical, Corliss pumping engines. He tried to simplify this complicated system and started research with the internal combustion engine and the steam turbine particularly as his models. The construction of steam turbines in several stages where the steam passed through in a unidirectional flow was being pursued at that time, and Stumpf wondered whether it would be possible to raise the efficiency of a reciprocating steam engine to the same thermal level as the turbine by the use of the uniflow principle.

Stumpf began to investigate these principles without studying the work of earlier pioneers like L.J. Todd, which he later thought would have led him astray. It was not until 1908, when he was Professor at the Institute of Technology in Berlin- Charlottenburg, that he patented his successful "una-flow" steam engine. In that year he took out six British patents for improvements in details on his original one Stumpf fully realized the thermal advantages of compressing the residual steam and was able to evolve systems of coping with excessive compression when starting. He also placed steam-jackets around the ends of the cylinder. Stumpf's first engine was built in 1908 by the Erste B runner Maschinenfabrik-Gesellschaft, and licences were taken out by many other manufacturers, including those in Britain and the USA. His engine was developed into the most economical type of reciprocating steam engine.

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SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Textiles

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Son of Elias Howe, a farmer, he acquired his mechanical knowledge in his father's mill. He left school at 12 years of age and was apprenticed for two years in a machine shop in Lowell, Massachusetts, and later to an instrument maker, Ari Davis in Boston, Massachusetts, where his master's services were much in demand by Harvard University. Fired by a desire to invent a sewing machine, he utilized the experience gained in Lowell to devise a shuttle carrying a lower thread and a needle carrying an upper thread to make lock-stitch in straight lines. His attempts were so rewarding that he left his job and was sustained first by his father and then by a partner. By 1845 he had built a machine that worked at 250 stitches per minute, and the following year he patented an improved machine. The invention of the sewing machine had an enormous impact on the textile industry, stimulating demand for cloth because making up garments became so much quicker. The sewing machine was one of the first mass-produced consumer durables and was essentially an American invention. William Thomas, a London manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets, secured the British rights and persuaded Howe to come to England to apply it to the making of shoes. This Howe did, but he quarrelled with Thomas after less than one year. He returned to America to face with his partner, G.W.Bliss, a bigger fight over his patent (see I.M. Singer), which was being widely infringed. Not until 1854 was the case settled in his favour. This litigation threatened the very existence of the new industry, but the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important patent-pooling arrangement in American history, changed all this. For a fee of $5 on every domestically-sold machine and $1 on every exported one, Howe contributed to the pool his patent of 1846 for a grooved eye-pointed needle used in conjunction with a lock-stitch-forming shuttle. Howe's patent was renewed in 1861; he organized and equipped a regiment during the Civil War with the royalties. When the war ended he founded the Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut.

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f history of technology, weitS. auch history of science

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Technikgeschichte f history of technology, weitS. auch history of science

f; -, -n

1. (Erzählung) story ( über + Akk oder von about, of); (Märchen etc.) auch tale; erzähl mir keine Geschichten! umg. don’t give me any of your nonsense

2. HIST., Buch und Wissenschaft: history; weitS. einer Person oder Sache: auch story; eine Geschichte der Technik lesen a history of technology; Geschichte machen make history; in die Geschichte eingehen go down in history; damit hat er Geschichte geschrieben in so doing ( oder with that) he made history; das ist ( bereits) Geschichte oder das gehört der Geschichte an that’s history; Geschichte studieren study history; sie hat Geschichte studiert she studied ( oder took, Brit. auch read) history

3. umg., fig. (Angelegenheit, Sache) affair, business; eine dumme Geschichte (such) a stupid business; eine schöne Geschichte! a fine mess; die ganze Geschichte the whole business; eine Geschichte mit jemandem ( haben ) (Affäre) (have) an affair with s.o.; da haben wir die Geschichte! there you are; keine langen Geschichten! don’t make a song and dance about it; mach keine Geschichten! (zier dich nicht) don’t make such a fuss; (lass das) don’t be a fool; was machst du denn für Geschichten? tadelnd: what are you playing at?, Am. auch what are you up to?; zu Krankem: what are you making such a fuss about?; das ist eine böse Geschichte mit seinem Knie that’s a nasty business he’s got with his knee; alte Geschichten aufwärmen pej. rake over the ashes ( oder coals); immer die alte oder dieselbe Geschichte! it’s the same old story every time

* * *

(Erzählung) tale; narrative; story;

(Vergangenheit) history

* * *

f -, -n

1) no pl (= Historie) history

2) (= Erzählung, Lügengeschichte) story; (= Märchen, Fabel etc) tale, story; (= Kurzgeschichte) short story

3) (inf = Angelegenheit, Sache) affair, business no pl

* * *

1) (the study of events etc that happened in the past: She is studying British history; ( also adjective) a history lesson/book.) history

2) (a description usually in writing of past events, ways of life etc: I'm writing a history of Scotland.) history

3) (an account of an event, or series of events, real or imaginary: the story of the disaster; the story of his life; He went to the police with his story; What sort of stories do boys aged 10 like?; adventure/murder/love stories; a story-book; He's a good story-teller.) story

4) (a story: He told me the tale of his travels.) tale

* * *

1. kein pl (Historie) history

in die \Geschichte eingehen to go down in [the annals of] history

Alte/Mittlere/Neue \Geschichte ancient/medieval/modern history

\Geschichte machen to make history

2. (Erzählung) story

eine wahre \Geschichte a true story

eine \Geschichte erzählen to tell a story

\Geschichten erzählen (fam) to talk nonsense [or rubbish]

mach keine \Geschichten! don't do anything stupid [or silly]!

mach keine langen \Geschichten! stop messing [or dithering] about [or around]!

3. (fam: Angelegenheit, Sache) business

alte \Geschichten sein to be old hat [or water under the bridge]

alte \Geschichten wieder aufwärmen to rake up old stories

die ganze \Geschichte the whole lot

schöne \Geschichten! (iron) that's a fine state of affairs! iron

\Geschichten mit jdm haben to have an affair with sb

▶ [und] der Rest ist \Geschichte (fam) [and] the rest is history

* * *

1) o. Pl. history

2) (Erzählung) story; (Fabel, Märchen) story; tale

3) (ugs.): (Sache)

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…geschichte f im subst

1. HIST etc history of;

Philosophiegeschichte history of philosophy

2. umg (Problem) problem;

Herzgeschichte heart problem;

Kreislaufgeschichte problems with one’s circulation, circulatory problem;

Magengeschichte stomach problem

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1) o. Pl. history

2) (Erzählung) story; (Fabel, Märchen) story; tale

3) (ugs.): (Sache)

* * *

concern n.

history n.

narrative n.

story n.

tale n.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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After John Levers had brought out his lacemaking machine in 1813, other lacemakers proceeded to elaborate their machinery so as to imitate the more complicated forms of handwork. One of these was Samuel Draper of Nottingham, who took out one patent in 1835 for the use of a Jacquard mechanism on a lace making machine, followed by another in 1837. However, material made on his machine cost more than the handmade article, so the experiment was abandoned after three years. Then, in Nottingham in 1841, Hooton Deverill patented the first truly successful application of the Jacquard to lacemaking. The Jacquard needles caused the warp threads to be pushed sideways to form the holes in the lace while the bobbins were moved around them to bind them together. This made it possible to reproduce most of the traditional patterns of handmade lace in both narrow and wide pieces. Lace made on these machines became cheap enough for most people to be able to hang it in their windows as curtains, or to use it for trimming clothing. However, it raised in a most serious form the problem of patent rights between the two patentees, Deverill and Draper, threatening much litigation. Deverill's patent was bought by Richard Birkin, who with his partner Biddle relinquished the patent rights. The lacemaking trade on these machines was thus thrown open to the public and a new development of the trade took place. Levers lace is still made in the way described here.

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